Social skills, behavioral problems, and academic competence of students with intellectual disabilities / Habilidades sociais, problemas de comportamento e competência acadêmica de alunos com deficiência intelectual / Habilidades sociales, problemas de conducta y competencia académica de estudiantes con discapacidad intelectual

This study had as general objective to characterize and associate social skills, behavior problems, and academic competence of students with intellectual disabilities in school inclusion and; as specific objectives to verify predictive values for social skills and differences between groups diagnosed with intellectual disability and other associated diagnoses. This was a quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive, correlational, predictive, and comparative study. Forty-four students with intellectual disability participated (11 of them presented other associated diagnoses), who were evaluated by 42 guardians and 34 teachers. The instruments used were Social Skills Rating System (SSRS-BR) and the Parental Educative Social Skills Interview Script (RE-HSE-P). The evaluation from guardians and teachers were different. Social skills were negatively associated with behavior problems and positively associated with academic competence; behavior problems and diagnosis were negative predictors to social skills. There were significant differences in the groups. The results highlight the importance of intervention programs to develop social skills.(AU)

O estudo teve como objetivo geral caracterizar e associar habilidades sociais, problemas de comportamento e competência acadêmica de alunos com deficiência intelectual em inclusão educacional e; como objetivos específicos verificar valores preditivos para habilidades sociais e diferenças entre grupos com diagnóstico de deficiência intelectual somente e com outros diagnósticos associados. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, transversal, descritivo, correlacional, preditivo e comparativo. Participaram 44 alunos com deficiência (11 apresentavam outros diagnósticos associados), que foram avaliados por 42 responsáveis e 34 professoras. Os instrumentos utilizados foram Social Skills Rating System (SSRS-BR) e Roteiro de Entrevista de Habilidades Sociais Educativas Parentais (RE-HSE-P). A avaliação de responsáveis e professores foi diferente. Habilidades sociais foram negativamente associadas aos problemas de comportamento e positivamente associadas a competência acadêmica; problemas de comportamento e diagnósticos associados foram preditores negativos de habilidades sociais. Houve diferença significativa entre grupos. Resultados evidenciam a importância de programas para promoção de habilidades sociais.(AU)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo general caracterizar y asociar las habilidades sociales, los problemas de conducta y la competencia académica de estudiantes con discapacidad intelectual en la inclusión escolar; y como objetivos específicos verificar los valores predictivos de las habilidades sociales y las diferencias entre grupos diagnosticados con discapacidad intelectual y otros diagnósticos asociados. Se trató de un estudio cuantitativo, transversal, descriptivo, correlacional, predictivo y comparativo. Participaron 44 estudiantes con discapacidad intelectual (11 de ellos presentaban otros diagnósticos asociados), quienes fueron evaluados por 42 tutores y 34 docentes. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Sistema de Evaluación de Habilidades Sociales (SSRS-BR) y el Guion de Entrevista de Habilidades Sociales para Educación de los Padres (RE-HSE-P). Las evaluaciones de los tutores y docentes fueron diferentes. Las habilidades sociales se asociaron negativamente con problemas de conducta y positivamente con la competencia académica; los problemas de conducta y el diagnóstico fueron predictores negativos de las habilidades sociales. Hubo diferencias significativas entre los grupos. Los resultados destacan la importancia de los programas de intervención para desarrollar habilidades sociales con la población estudiada.(AU)

Hemofilia: Promoção da Saúde através de um Diálogo Interdisciplinar entre Saúde e Educação / Hemophilia: Health Promotion through an Interdisciplinary Dialogue between Health and Education

Identificar a percepção dos profissionais de instituições de ensino sobre a hemofilia, e diante disso formular estratégias de educação em saúde sobre o assunto. Trata-se de pesquisa quanti-qualitativa, analisados de forma descritiva através do Software MAXQDA versão 18.1.1, sob a estratégia de análise de conteúdo. Do total de 40 investigados na pesquisa, percebe-se que somente 11 conseguiram definir hemofilia, metade não sabiam sobre as formas de sangramento, 27 não sabiam as características de um sangramento e somente 10 referiam saber como agir frente a tal acontecimento, revelando desconhecimento dos profissionais de instituições de ensino sobre esta condição de saúde, que afirmam nunca terem sido capacitados para entendimento sobre a doença. Este trabalho promove um diálogo interdisciplinar entre saúde e educação sobre a hemofilia, no qual foi reconhecido a falta de conhecimento sobre o tema por profissionais de instituições de ensino e proposto estratégias de educação em saúde.

To identify the perceptions of professionals working in educational institutions regarding hemophilia and to formulate strategies for health education on this topic. This is quantitative-qualitative research, analyzed descriptively through the Software MAXQDA version 18.1.1, under the content analysis strategy. A total of 40 investigated in the research, it is perceived that only 11 were able to define hemophilia, half did not know about the forms of bleeding, 27 did not know the characteristics of a bleeding and only 10 reported knowing how to act in the face of such an event, revealing lack of knowledge of the professionals of educational institutions about this health condition, who claim to have never been trained to understand the disease. This work promotes an interdisciplinary dialogue between health and education on hemophilia, in which the lack of knowledge on the theme of professionals from educational institutions and proposed health education strategies was recognized.

Hacia una educación inclusiva. La Educación Especial ayer, hoy y mañana / Towards an Inclusive Education. Special Education Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow

Al inicio del nuevo milenio bien pudiera hacerse una visión retrospectiva sobre la situación de la educación especial, con el fin de ir cerrando algunas puertas e ir abriendo algunas ventanas que renueven el aire en el que vayamos a respirar desde la teoría y desde la práctica en el ámbito de la diversidad. De ahí que en este artículo hagamos una revisión tanto a nivel terminológico como conceptual para centrarnos sobre todo en la perspectiva de futuro que se nos ofrece desde la filosofía de una educación inclusiva y la buena práctica de una escuela para todos. Avanzamos la idea de propiciar un medio ambiente enriquecedor, manteniendo las diferencias en un mundo diverso, potenciando las posibilidades personales y multiculturales para crecer todos juntos en un mundo sin barreras físicas, morales o sociales. Si por nuestra parte hay actitud favorable hacia las personas con discapacidad, y si por nuestra parte arbitramos las medidas necesarias para dar respuesta a las posibles necesidades, sería factible acoger a todo el que llegue, darle la bienvenida y brindarle las ayudas necesarias para que cada uno –junto a todos los suyos– encuentre su trayectoria en la vida. (AU)

In the beginning of the new millennium, it is possible to look back on the situation of special education, in order to close some doors and open some windows to help renew the air that we are going to breath in the areas of theory and practice in the diversity field. Therefore, this paper is a review at a terminology and conceptual level in order to focus on future perspectives of the philosophy of educational inclusion and good practices in a school for all. We advance the idea of promoting a rich environment while maintaining the differences of a diverse world, and of improving personal and multicultural capabilities in order to grow in a world without physical, moral, or social barriers. If we have positive attitudes toward persons with disabilities, and if we develop the required strategies to answer possible needs, it will be possible to host everyone who comes, welcome them, and offer them the required supports to help them find –together with their significant ones– the pathway for their lives. (AU)

Inclusive education for children with disabilities in a refugee camp.

Children in refugee camps, and particularly those with disabilities, face unique challenges in accessing education and are at high risk of being marginalised. Best practices suggest that main-streaming is the optimal strategy for serving students with disabilities. This study examines the extent to which mainstreaming in a refugee camp helps to promote children's prosocial behaviours, taking into account their emotional and behavioural problems. In Kakuma Refugee Camp, Kenya, researchers collected data from the parents of children currently enrolled in special needs education centres (n=65) and from those formerly enrolled at these facilities who transitioned to mainstream classrooms (n=81). Children in mainstream schools functioned better in terms of prosocial behaviours, but this relationship disappeared when factoring in children's emotional and behavioural difficulties. In the context of a refugee camp, mainstreaming alone is not likely to help children's psychosocial and educational functioning, which requires dedicated supports, appropriate facilities and infrastructure, and a dual focus on disability-specific and disability-inclusive initiatives.

La inclusión educativa en el nivel superior: una revisión sistemática1 / Educational inclusion in higher education: a systematic review

RESUMEN En este artículo hacemos una revisión de la producción de los últimos diez años sobre la inclusión de las personas con discapacidad en la Educación Superior en México. Se utilizaron bases de datos nacionales e internacionales y privilegiamos los artículos publicados en español. Recuperamos un total de 37 textos, que organizamos en dos tendencias: los derivados de investigaciones empíricas y los análisis de políticas. Respecto a los primeros, encontramos 15 artículos, 9 referidos a estudiantes con diferentes discapacidades y 6 enfocados en un solo tipo de discapacidad. Otro tipo de trabajos, también con referente empírico, son los que abordan las ideas y actitudes de los actores educativos hacia la discapacidad, en donde identificamos 8 artículos. En cuanto a los análisis de políticas para la inclusión, encontramos 14 materiales que dividimos en tres categorías: los que examinan el impacto de las políticas federales, los análisis comparados entre instituciones y los que se enfocan en una sola institución educativa. En general, la inclusión en el nivel superior es una línea de estudio que aún está en proceso de consolidación en nuestro país. Se necesita desarrollar más investigación que vayan más allá de los estudios de caso, así como indagaciones de tipo cuantitativo que brinden un panorama más amplio sobre la situación de los estudiantes con discapacidad.

ABSTRACT In this paper, we make a review of the academic production about inclusion of people with disabilities in the Mexican Higher Education, in the last ten years. We worked with national and international databases and focused on papers published in Spanish. A total of 37 texts was gathered, which we organized in two trends: those derived from empirical research and those who made policy analysis. Regarding the former, we found 15 papers, nine referring to students with different disabilities and six focused on a single type of disability. Another kind of papers, also with empirical results, includes those that analyze the ideas and attitudes of educational subjects towards disability, where we identified eight papers. Concerning the analyses of policies for inclusion, we found 14 texts that were divided into three categories: those that examine the impact of federal policies, comparative analyses between institutions, and those that focus on a single educational institution. In general, inclusion in Higher Education is a line of study which is still in the process of consolidation in our country. It is necessary to develop more research that goes beyond case studies, as well as quantitative inquiries that provide a broader picture of the circumstances of students with disabilities.

Planificación Educacional Individualizado de estudiante con autismo en la universidad / Planejamento educacional individualizado de estudante com autismo na universidade / Individualized educational planning for a university student with autism

Questiona-se sobre o processo inclusivo universitário de estudantes com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA), visando a permanência e conclusão de curso. O Planejamento Educacional Individualizado (PEI) é uma estratégia de apoio ao estudante com TEA na Educação Básica. O objetivo foi descrever e analisar o desenvolvimento e aplicação do PEI para uma universitária com TEA e comparar desempenho acadêmico antes e depois do PEI. Trata-se de estudo de caso, com avaliações e envolvimento docente. Os resultados descrevem a elaboração e aplicação do PEI com diferenciações na ementa e cronograma das disciplinas cursadas. Anteriormente ao PEI (análise de seis quadrimestres anteriores à pesquisa) a estudante com TEA teve dois trancamentos totais de quadrimestre, quatro reprovações e sete cancelamentos de disciplinas. Após o PEI, análise de três quadrimestres posteriores, a estudante teve um cancelamento de uma disciplina. Os dados evidenciam o PEI enquanto estratégia concreta e eficaz para a permanência da estudante, assim como estratégia viável para formação docente continuada em Educação Especial, no contexto universitário.

Se cuestiona sobre el proceso inclusivo universitario de estudiantes con Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA), visando la permanencia y conclusión de curso. La Planificación Educacional Individualizada (PEI) es una estrategia de apoyo al estudiante con TEA en la educación básica. El objetivo fue describir y analizar el desarrollo y aplicación del PEI a una universitaria con TEA y comparar desempeño académico antes y después del PEI. Se trata de estudio de caso, con evaluaciones y participación docente. Los resultados describen la elaboración y aplicación del PEI con diferenciales en la propuesta y cronograma de las asignaturas cursadas. Con anterioridad al PEI (análisis de seis cuadrimestres anteriores a la investigación) la estudiante con TEA tuvo dos aplazamientos totales de cuadrimestre, cuatro reprobaciones y sete suspensiones de asignaturas. Tras el PEI, análisis de tres cuadrimestres posteriores, la estudiante tuvo un aplazamiento de una asignatura. Los datos apuntan el PEI como estrategia concreta y eficaz para permanencia de la estudiante, así como una estrategia viable para la formación continua del profesorado de Educación Especial, en el contexto universitario.

Researchers question the inclusive university process of students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), aiming at the permanence and completion of the course. Individualized Educational Planning (IEP) is a support strategy for students with ASD in basic education. The objective was to describe and analyze the development and application of the PEI for a university student with ASD and to compare academic performance before and after the PEI. It is a case study, with evaluations and teacher involvement. The results describe the elaboration and application of the PEI with differences in the menu and schedule of the subjects studied. Prior to the PEI (analysis of six four-month periods prior to the survey), the student with ASD had two total withdrawals in the four-month period, four disapprovals and seven cancellations of disciplines. After the PEI, analysis of three subsequent quarters, the student had a discipline canceled. The data evidence the PEI as a concrete and effective strategy for the student's permanence, as well as a viable strategy for continuing teacher training in Special Education, in the university context.

Formação em análise do comportamento no contexto da educação especial: variáveis pessoais e atitudinais relacionadas à inclusão / Training in behavior analysis in the context of special education: personal and attitudinal variables related to inclusion / Formación en análisis de conducta en el contexto de la educación especial: variables personales y actitudinales relacionadas con la inclusión

A inclusão educacional de estudantes com autismo e/ou deficiência intelectual no ensino regular, em classe comum, evidencia a urgência de programas de formação docente em práticas educacionais baseadas em evidências. O objetivo foi avaliar a estrutura de um processo formativo remoto para elaboração, aplicação e avaliação de uma intervenção comportamental na perspectiva educacional inclusiva e, mais especificamente, caracterizar as atitudes sociais de agentes educacionais participantes da formação. A formação ocorreu em dois formatos. No primeiro, todo o material foi disponibilizado em uma pasta virtual compartilhada e, no segundo, em um Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem (AVA). Nos dois formatos, a estrutura contou com parte teórica e prática, por meio de leitura de textos, realização de exercícios e discussões. Na parte prática, participantes tiveram a oportunidade de trabalhar com famílias e estudantes (crianças e jovens) com autismo e/ou deficiência intelectual visando identificar as necessidades e prioridades da família para elaboração colaborativa de um plano de intervenção (sistematização de práticas), implementação e análise das práticas. Para a caracterização da amostra foram levantadas informações pessoais, experiências prévias, familiaridade com ferramentas tecnológicas, conhecimento sobre os conceitos teóricos da Análise do Comportamento. Foi feita uma caracterização das atitudes sociais em relação à inclusão e analisada a validade social de participantes sobre a formação. Os resultados da formação identificaram correlações entre o nível de atitudes sociais e o engajamento nas atividades práticas entregues, além da relação entre o número de participantes que concluíram a formação, o cumprimento de tarefas e dificuldades de contato com a família. O estudo discutiu sobre estratégias que tenham em vista possibilidades de escalabilidade da formação docente de maneira sistemática e científica nesta área de atuação profissional.(AU)

The educational inclusion of students with autism and/or intellectual disabilities in regular education has highlighted the urgency of initial and continuing education programs with evidence-based educational practices. The objective was to evaluate the structure of a remote training process for the elaboration, application and evaluation of a behavioral intervention in the inclusive educational perspective and, complementarily, a specific objective was to characterize the social attitudes of educational agents participating in the training. The training took place in two formats. In the first, all material was made available in a shared folder and in the second, in a Virtual Learning Environment (VLE). In both formats, the structure had a theoretical and practical part, by reading and carrying out exercises and discussions. In the practical part, participants had the opportunity to work with families and students with autism and/or intellectual disability to identify the needs and priorities of the family for the collaborative elaboration of an intervention plan (systematization of practices), implementation and analysis of practices. For the characterization of the sample, personal information, previous experiences, familiarity with technological tools, and knowledge about the theoretical concepts of Behavior Analysis were collected. A characterization of social attitudes towards inclusion was carried out and the social validity of participants regarding training was analyzed. The results of the training identified correlations between the level of social attitudes and engagement in the practical activities delivered, in addition to the relationship between the drop in the number of participants, the fulfillment of tasks and difficulties in contacting the family. The study discussed strategies that aim at possibilities of scaling continuing education in a systematic and scientific way in this area of professional activity.(AU)

La inclusión educativa de estudiantes con autismo y/o discapacidad intelectual en la educación regular, en aulas regulares, ha puesto de relieve la urgencia de programas de educación inicial y continua en prácticas educativas basadas en evidencia. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la estructura de un proceso de formación a distancia para la elaboración, aplicación y evaluación de una intervención conductual en la perspectiva educativa inclusiva y, de forma complementaria, el objetivo específico fue caracterizar las actitudes sociales de los agentes educativos participantes en la formación. La capacitación se llevó a cabo en dos formatos. En el primer, todo el material estaba disponible en una carpeta compartida y, en el segundo, en un entorno virtual de aprendizaje (EVA). En los dos formatos, la estructura tuvo una parte teórica y práctica, mediante la lectura de textos, la realización de ejercicios y discusiones. En la parte práctica, los participantes tuvieron la oportunidad de trabajar con las familias y los alumnos con autismo y/o discapacidad intelectual con el fin de identificar las necesidades y prioridades de la familia para la elaboración colaborativa de un plan de intervención (sistematización de prácticas), su implementación y el análisis de prácticas. Para la caracterización de la muestra, se planteó información personal, experiencias previas, familiaridad con herramientas tecnológicas, conocimiento sobre los conceptos teóricos del análisis de comportamiento. Se realizó una caracterización de las actitudes sociales hacia la inclusión y se analizó la validez social de los participantes respecto a la formación. Los resultados de la capacitación identificaron correlaciones entre el nivel de actitudes sociales y el compromiso en las actividades prácticas impartidas, además de la relación entre la disminución del número de participantes, el cumplimiento de las tareas y las dificultades de contacto con la familia. Este estudio discutió estrategias que apuntan a posibilidades de escalar la formación docente de forma sistemática y científica en esta área de actuación profesional.(AU)

Contextual Variables with an Impact on the Educational Inclusion of Students with Rare Diseases.

The context of a school may play a fundamental role in students' academic and personal progress. In this study, we focus on two contextual variables, the school type and school location or setting. The study used a questionnaire to assess teachers' knowledge and thoughts about rare diseases based on these variables, with the participation of 574 school teachers. To broaden the research perspective, another questionnaire was administered to members of 152 rare disease patient advocacy groups to ask about their participation in educational processes and analyse their results according to one of the contextual variables: the setting or location of each association. The results indicated statistically significant differences according to the variables examined, which were larger for the type of school variable. In short, numerous variables that influence the teaching and learning processes need to be considered in educational praxis; in this study, we looked at those of a contextual nature (for example, the geographic characteristics of schools and associations), and this is essential for increasingly heterogeneous educational locations that demand multidimensional approaches.

Predictors of attitudes about people with intellectual disabilities: empathy for a change towards inclusion.

Social change towards inclusion is a very common topic, but progress is slow. Because of its importance in the current educational context, knowing how to speed up this transformation is fundamental. A multiple regression analysis with a transversal quantitative designed survey (n = 245) was conducted. The aim was to identify internal and external factors predicting attitudes towards people with intellectual disability in undergraduate students at the University of Murcia (Spain). According to the expected estimate, the variables 'empathic concern' and 'chosen degree' predict good attitudes towards people with intellectual disability among university students. On the other hand, external variables such as 'previous knowledge about disability' or 'contact with people with disabilities' are not explanatory factors. These findings contribute to the existing knowledge about predictive variables for attitudes towards people with intellectual disabilities in the future Spanish education professionals.

Inclusive education in a refugee camp for children with disabilities: How are school setting and children's behavioral functioning related?

Many refugee children face challenges accessing education, but refugee children with disabilities are especially vulnerable to exclusion from school environments as well as social settings. Mainstreaming is considered a best practice but may not always be feasible given the limited resources available in refugee camps. The purpose of this study is to examine the extent to which school setting (i.e., special needs vs. mainstream classrooms) is associated with changes in children's prosocial behaviors (i.e., social skills and ability to get along well with peers) and behavioral difficulties, accounting for disability status. In Kakuma Refugee Camp in Kenya, researchers collected two waves of data (approximately 2.5 years apart) for students enrolled in special needs schools (n = 78) and students who had transitioned from special needs schools into mainstream classrooms (n = 51). Children's average prosocial scores decreased between wave 1 and wave 2, but scores from children in special needs schools decreased at a lower rate indicating potential protective factors in these settings. While children's average total difficulties decreased over time, children's difficulties in special needs schools decreased at a faster rate, also indicating potential protective factors. Neither severity of disability nor gender significantly predicted change in prosocial or difficulties scores. In the context of a refugee camp, mainstreaming alone may not fully address the needs of children with disabilities. Specific factors seen in special education settings, such as individualized services, accessible accommodations, and infrastructure supports, must be considered as a means of creating inclusive educational environments.

Caracterización de la baja visión en el Centro de Recursos y Apoyo "Abel Santamaría Cuadrado" / Characterization of low vision at the "Abel Santamaría Cuadrado" resource and support center

Objetivo: Caracterizar las enfermedades oftalmológicas que causan diversidad funcional visual en los estudiantes del Centro de Recursos y Apoyo "Abel Santamaría Cuadrado". Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal realizado en enero, 2017. Las variables investigadas fueron: edad, sexo, grado de escolaridad, antecedentes prenatales, diagnóstico oftalmológico principal, enfermedades asociadas, síndromes oftalmológicos, agudeza visual mejor corregida, defecto refractivo, ayudas ópticas y no ópticas utilizadas. Resultados: La muestra quedó conformada por 66 estudiantes (95,6 por ciento de los matriculados), predominaron las edades entre 10-14 años, para ambos sexos. De ellos, 24 estudiantes eran ciegos totales (36,4 por ciento). El astigmatismo hipermetrópico compuesto fue la ametropía primaria más frecuente. Las ayudas ópticas y no ópticas son utilizadas por la mayoría de los alumnos. Conclusiones: Las enfermedades oculares más frecuentes causantes de baja visión fueron la catarata congénita y la atrofia del nervio óptico. Las ayudas ópticas y no ópticas son empleadas con la colaboración de la rehabilitadora y los maestros(AU)

Objective: To characterize the ophthalmologic diseases that cause visual functional diversity in students of the "Abel Santamaría Cuadrado" Resource and Support Center. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted in January, 2017. The variables investigated were: age, gender, school grade, prenatal history, main ophthalmologic diagnosis, associated diseases, ophthalmologic syndromes, best corrected visual acuity, refractive defect, optical and non-optical aids used. Results: The sample consisted of 66 students (95.6 percent of those enrolled), predominantly aged 10-14 years, for both genders. Out of these, 24 students were totally blind (36.4 percent). Compound hyperopic astigmatism was the most frequent primary ametropia. Optical and non-optical aids were used by most of the students. Conclusions: The most frequent ocular diseases causing low vision were congenital cataract and optic nerve atrophy. Optical and non-optical aids are used with the collaboration of the rehabilitator and teachers(AU)

¿Qué saben de pubertad, relaciones de pareja y reproducción, un grupo de jóvenes chilenos con Síndrome de Down? / What do a Group of Young Chilean with Down Syndrome Know about Puberty, Relationshipsand Reproduction?

Introducción: vivir la sexualidad y afectividad de forma plena es fundamental en todo ser humano; sin embargo, las personas con síndrome de Down (SD) tienen escasas instancias de educación sexual y pocos espacios de socialización para experimentarla. Objetivos: describir el conocimiento que tienen jóvenes con SD sobre temáticas básicas de pubertad, relaciones de pareja y reproducción. Metodología: estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, exploratorio, en dos grupos focales de jóvenes con SD, entre 13 y 18 años, separados por género. La información fue grabada, transcrita y codificada según categorías emergentes. Resultados: sobre la palabra “sexualidad”, las mujeresdeclararon no haberla escuchado y los hombres hicieron referencia a “sexo”, “relaciones de pareja”, “amor” y “familia”. Para “cambios puberales”, ambos grupos señalaron los cambios más visibles, pero nada respecto a reproducción. Solo un participante entendía el concepto de “relación sexual”. Las mujeres consideraron el “inicio de la vida humana” como un evento de generación espontánea y los hombres plantearon una teoría fantasiosa. La familia fue la principal fuente de información. Discusión: los participantes mostraron un manejo deficiente e infantilizado de la información. Son urgentes la investigación y el desarrollo de programas de Educación Sexual y así dignificar la sexualidad y afectividad de personas con SD, desde un enfoque de derechos. (AU)

Introduction: living sexuality and affectivity fully is fundamental in every human being, however, people with Down syndrome (DS) have few instances of sex-ual education and few spaces for socialization to experience it. Objectives: describe the knowledge that young people with DS have on basic issues of puberty, relationships and reproduction. Methodology: qualitative, descriptive, exploratory study in two focus groups of young people with DS, between 13 and 18 years old, separated by gender. The information was recorded, coded according to categories. Results: regarding the word “sexuality”, the women declared that they had not heard it and the men referred to “sex”, “couple relationships”, “love” and “family”. For “pubertal changes”, both groups reported the most visible changes, but nothing regarding reproduction. Only one participant understood the concept of “sexual relationship”. Women considered the “beginning of human life” as a spontaneous generation event and the men came up with a fanciful theory. The family was the main source of information. Discussion: par-ticipants showed deficient and infantilized handling of information. Research and devel-opment of Sex Education programs are urgent to dignify the sexuality and affectivity of people with DS, from a rights’ perspective. (AU)

Educação inclusiva em foco: reflexos da produção científica em periódicos da área da Educação e Educação Física / Inclusive education in focus: reflections of scientific production in journals in the area of Education and Physical Education / Educación inclusiva en foco: reflexiones de producción científica en revistas delárea de la Educación yEducación Física

Na presente investigação objetiva-se mapear e discutir a produção acadêmica sobre a Educação Inclusiva em artigos científicos indexados em periódicos eletrônicos da área da Educação e Educação Física, entre o período de janeiro de 2000 e agosto de 2020, por meio da construção de um Estado do Conhecimento. Para tanto, foram sistematizados por meio dos descritores "educação inclusiva", "educação física adaptada" e "educação física inclusiva", os artigos publicados em 21 periódicos classificados em estratos dequalidade A2, B1 e B2, indexados na área da Educação e Educação Física. No tratamento dos dados, adotou-se as técnicas da Análise de Conteúdo. Como resultados, foram recuperados 57 artigos, nos quais evidenciou-se estudos que versam sobre a Educação Física Inclusiva a partir de pesquisas bibliográficas e revisões sistemáticas; percepções e atitudes de professores e estudantes; formação inicial e continuada de professores; atuação docente; e processo de inclusão de estudante com deficiência nas aulas.

This research aims to map and discuss academic production on Inclusive Education in scientific articles indexed in electronic journals in the area of Education and Physical Education, between the period of january 2000 and august 2020, through the construction of a State of Knowledge. For this purpose, were systematized through the descriptors "inclusive education" and "adapted physical education", the articles published in 21 journals classified in strata of quality A2, B1 and B2, indexed in the area of Education and Physical Education. In the treatment of data, the techniques of Content Analysis were adopted. As a result, 57 articles were retrieved, in which it was evidenced studies what version about Inclusive Physical Education from bibliographic research and systematic reviews; perceptions and attitudes of teachers and students; initial and continuing teacher training; teaching performance; and inclusion process for students with disabilities in classes

La investigación objetiva mapear y discutir la producción académica sobre Educación Inclusiva en artículos científicos indexados en revistas electrónicas del área del Educación y Educación Física, entre el período de enero 2000 y agosto 2020, a través de la construcción de un Estado del Conocimiento. A través de los descriptores "educación inclusiva", "educación física adaptada" y "educación física inclusiva", fueron sistematizados los artículos publicados en 21 periódicos clasificados según estratos de calidad A2, B1 y B2, indexados en el área del Educación y Educación Física. En el tratamiento de los datos se adoptaron las técnicas de Análisis de Contenido. Como resultado, se recuperaron 57 artículos, en los cuales se evidenció estudios que versan sobre Educación Física Inclusiva a partir de investigaciones bibliográficas y revisiones sistemáticas; percepciones y actitudes de profesores y estudiantes; formación docente inicial y continua; actuación docente; y proceso de inclusión de alumnos con discapacidad enlas clases

Inclusión Educativa de los estudiantes con discapacidad en la Universidad Central del Ecuador / Educational inclusion of students with disabilities at theCentral University of Ecuador

Introducción: La inclusión educativa en la educación superior pública y privada, es un problema que ha sido abordado de diversas maneras por las diferentes instituciones de educación superior ecuatorianas. La Universidad Central del Ecuador, es una institución pública en la que estudian 40.000 estudiantes aproximadamente y esto la obliga a imple-mentar culturas, políticas y prácticas inclusivas, que analicen las barreras y las oportunida-des para el acceso a una educación de calidad y en igualdad de condiciones.Objetivo: Identificar las características personales de los estudiantes con discapacidad, los factores contextuales de la Universidad Central del Ecuador y su relación con el nivel de inclusión educativa. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, correlacional de tipo observacional, que inclu-yó a 108 estudiantes de la Universidad Central del Ecuador que presentan al menos una discapacidad, y que respondieron vía on line la encuesta de inclusión educativa. Análisis estadístico. Se usó el SPSS 22.0, para el análisis univarial se aplicó la estadística descrip-tiva apoyados en medidas de proporción, mientras que las pruebas x2 cuadrada y Spear-man fueron usadas para el análisis bivarial. Resultados: El 54% de los investigados registra un bajo nivel de inclusión educativa, 22,52% presenta limitaciones para movilizarse, 17,59% para aprender/estudiar y el 14,81% para las interacciones personales. El 35% requieren ayuda de compañeros y familiares, de servicios universitarios y ayudas técnicas para realizar varias de sus actividades académi-cas y acceder al medio físico universitario. Aquellos con limitaciones graves y moderadas para realizar sus actividades tienen 1,4 a 1,8 veces más probabilidad de tener un bajo nivel de inclusión que aquellos con limitaciones leves; este patrón se repite con otras variables personales y contextuales, y refleja la asociación entre los factores personales-contextua-les y la inclusión educativa.Conclusiones:La inclusión es un proceso sistémico en el cual intervienen e interactúan de manera concurrente variables bio-psico-sociales. Las condiciones para crear la inclusión educativa de los estudiantes con discapacidad en la UCE deben estar sustentadas en un cambio de paradigma, y orientadas a la implementación de políticas y procesos de inclusión educativa, que incorporen las necesidades expresadas por los investigados en este estudio.

Introduction: Educational inclusion in public and private higher education is a problem that has been addressed in various ways by different Ecuadorian higher education institutions. The Central University of Ecuador is a public institution where approximately 40,000 stu-dents study, is committed to implementing inclusive cultures, policies and practices, which analyzes the barriers and opportunities for access to quality education and on equal terms.Aim. Identify the personal characteristics of students with disabilities, the contextual factors of the Central University of Ecuador and their relationship with the level of inclusion.Material and methods. Descriptive, correlational, observational study, which investigated 108 students from the Central University of Ecuador who present at least one disability, and who answered the inclusion survey online. Statistic analysis. SPSS 22.0 was used, for the univariate analysis applied descriptive statistics supported by measures of proportion while x2 squared and Spearman tests were used for the bivariate analysis.Results. 54% of those investigated register a low level of educational inclusion, 22.52% pre-sent limitations to move around, 17.59% to learn/study and 14.81% for personal interactions. 35% require help from classmates and family, university services and technical aids to carry out several of their academic activities and access the university physical environment with severe and moderate limitations to carry out their activities are 1.4 to 1.8 times more likely to have a low level of inclusion than those with mild limitations. This pattern is repeated with other personal and contextual variables and reflects the association between personal-con-textual factors and educational inclusion.Conclusions. Inclusion is a systemic process in which bio-psycho-social variables intervene and interact concurrently. The conditions to create the educational inclusion of students with disabilities in the Central University of Ecuador must be supported by a paradigm shift, and oriented towards the implementation of educational inclusion policies and processes, which incorporate the needs expressed by those investigated in this study.

A Inclusão no Ensino Superior: Vivências de Estudantes com Deficiência Visual / The Challenge of Inclusion in Higher Education: Experiences of Students with Visual Impairment

RESUMO: Este artigo analisa o ponto de vista dos/as estudantes com deficiência visual sobre o seu ingresso e a sua permanência na Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA) e busca refletir sobre o processo de inclusão por eles/as vivenciado. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa realizada por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com oito estudantes com deficiência visual matriculados/as em diferentes cursos dessa instituição. A análise do material textual demonstrou que o ingresso e a permanência no Ensino Superior foram marcados por dificuldades relacionadas às barreiras físicas, à disponibilidade e ao acesso a recursos materiais, didáticos, pedagógicos e tecnológicos, bem como às barreiras atitudinais, que agudizam o desempenho acadêmico dos/as estudantes com deficiência visual. Desse modo, a inclusão educacional, em processo de construção na UFBA, requer envolvimento e participação de toda a comunidade acadêmica para que de fato se concretize.

ABSTRACT: This paper analyzes the point of view of students with visual impairment on their admission and permanence at the Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Brazil, and seeks to reflect on the inclusion process experienced by them. This is a qualitative investigation which was carried out through semi-structured interviews with eight students with visual impairment enrolled in different courses of this institution. The analysis of the collected material demonstrated that access to and permanence in Higher Education were characterized by difficulties related to physical barriers, availability, and access to didactic, pedagogical, and technological resources, as well as attitudinal barriers, which exacerbate the academic performance of students with visual impairment. Therefore, the educational inclusion, which is being built in UFBA, requires the involvement and participation of the entire academic community so that it is actually implemented.

Programas de Intervención Socioeducativos para Personas con Discapacidad Intelectual: una Revisión Sistemática / Social-Educational Intervention Programmes for People with Intelectual Disabilities: a Systematic Review

RESUMEN: El enfoque de la inclusión social y educativa cobra cada vez mayor relevancia en políticas dirigidas a personas en situación de discapacidad, especialmente cuando sus derechos demandan apoyos desde una perspectiva ecológica y multidimensional. De esta forma, el objetivo de esta revisión sistemática ha sido analizar la investigación relacionada con programas de intervención socioeducativos para niños, jóvenes y adultos con discapacidad intelectual que han seguido métodos experimentales y/o cuasi experimentales. De acuerdo con los lineamientos de la Declaración PRISMA se han seleccionado 19 estudios utilizando bases de datos internacionales, durante el periodo 1995-2020. Los resultados muestran que la mayor cantidad de programas consideran en su muestra, niños y adolescentes (68%) y en menor porcentaje a jóvenes y adultos (31%). Por otro lado, el 52.6% no identifica diseño y tipo de muestra, y la medida más utilizada corresponde a pre y post test (78.9%). Se discuten hallazgos y conclusiones para la mejora de apoyos a las personas con discapacidad intelectual especialmente frente a la crisis sanitaria del COVID-19.

ABSTRACT: The approach to social and educational inclusion is becoming increasingly relevant in policies aimed at people with disabilities, especially when their rights demand support from an ecological and multidimensional perspective. Tus, the objective of this systematic review has been to analyze the investigations related to socio-educational intervention programs for children, youth and adults with intellectual disabilities that have followed experimental and/or quasi-experimental methods. In accordance with the PRISMA Declaration guidelines, 19 studies were selected using international databases, during the 1995-2020 period. The results show that the largest number of programs consider children and adolescents in their sample (68%) and, to a lesser extent, young people and adults (31%). However, 52.6% do not identify the design and type of sample, and the most used measure corresponds to the pre and post test (78.9%). Findings and conclusions are discussed in order to improve support for people with intellectual disabilities, especially in the face of the health crisis of COVID-19.

Comparison Between Performance Levels for Mathematical Competence: Results for the Sex Variable.

Schools promote all-round education for each of their students. This requires teachers to work on all of the possibilities offered by a subject, including mathematical ability. This process of adjustment and individualization is essential for students who have excellent performance or aptitudes. This study uses an ex post facto, descriptive and quantitative research methodology to examine the results of giving the online version of the Evaluation Battery for Mathematical Ability (BECOMA On) to 3795 5th-year primary school students. The sample was selected from 147 Spanish schools from 16 autonomous regions and 2 autonomous municipalities. Three levels of performance were identified, 3 being the highest, and different statistical indices were calculated for each of them. The results were also analyzed according to sex, with statistically significant differences in the highest performance level. In addition, the study highlighted a diagnostic gap in the identification of higher capacity students, a pending challenge for education systems for the educational inclusion of all students.

The Impact of the Coordination between Healthcare and Educational Personnel on the Health and Inclusion of Children and Adolescents with Rare Diseases.

Rare diseases produce multiple impacts for the people who suffer from them, but they also have repercussions for their families, education and healthcare. The objective of this study is to analyze the coordination between healthcare and education professionals who intervene with children and adolescents with rare diseases. It is a qualitative study designed with a critical paradigm, and it was carried out through focus group discussions. A total of 50 people participated in the study, including healthcare professionals, teachers and families. The results suggest that poor communication and coordination negatively impact minors with rare diseases, placing an extra burden on their families, who take on an intermediary role in communication. Participants in the study recognized coordination as an area for improvement as it can compromise equitable social and health services and inclusive education. Other measures must also be put into action at the public administration level not only to establish protocols for intersectoral coordination, but also to increase the knowledge and awareness of staff involved in health and education interventions for children with rare diseases.

Preocupaciones del profesorado sobre la inclusión de alumnos con discapacidad en aulas ordinárias / Preocupações do professor sobre a inclusão de alunos com deficiência nas salas de aula de educação regular / Teachers' concerns about the inclusion of students with disabilities in regular education classrooms

Este estudio tiene como objetivo principal conocer las preocupaciones de los profesores de los diferentes niveles educativos, en el caso de que alumnos con discapacidad fueran escolarizados en sus aulas. Se ha contado con la participación de 400 profesores. La información se ha recogido a través de un cuestionario elaborado ad hoc basándonos en la escala "Concern about Inclusive Education Scale" (CIE), ampliándola y adaptándola al contexto español. Los resultados muestran las principales preocupaciones de los profesores de la Comunidad Valenciana y apuntan a la necesidad de profundizar en este tema para poder diseñar una formación específica que ayude a los profesores a hacer frente a las inquietudes con las que se enfrentan en su labor docente.

O objetivo principal deste estudo é o de conhecer as preocupações dos professores em diferentes etapas da educação, no caso de alunos com deficiência serem colocados em suas salas de aula. Participaram deste estudo, 400 professores. A informação foi recolhida através de um questionário ad hoc baseado na escala Concern on Inclusive Education Scale (CIE), estendido e adaptado ao contexto espanhol. Os resultados mostram as principais preocupações dos professores da Comunidade Valenciana e apontam a necessidade de aprofundar este tema, a fim de projetar uma formação específica que ajude os professores a lidar com as preocupações que enfrentam em seu trabalho de ensino

The main objective of this study is to know the concerns of teachers at different levels of education, in the event that students with disabilities were placed in their classrooms. 400 teachers participated. The information was collected through an ad hoc questionnaire based on the "Concern about Inclusive Education Scale" (CIE), extended and adapted to the Spanish context. The results show the main concerns of teachers in the Valencian Community and suggest the need to study this subject in greater depth in order to design specific training that helps teachers to deal with the concerns they face in their work.

Inclusión educativa de niños con síndrome Down en educación inicial regular, Perú / Educational inclusion of children with Down syndrome in Regular Initial Education, Peru

Introducción: Este estudio desarrolla una propuesta metodológica de inclusión de tres niños con síndrome Down en colegios de educación inicial Regular, Perú; cuyo proceso se desarrolló atendiendo a las inteligencias múltiples. Objetivo: Diseñar una estrategia didáctica que responda a la diversidad a fin de potenciar las inteligencias múltiples de niños del nivel de educación inicial. Métodos: Fue una investigación cuantitativa: diseño preexperimental y cualitativo. Se aplicó el test sobre inteligencias múltiples, cuyos resultados permitieron diversificar las estrategias metodológicas y la evaluación de los aprendizajes. Conclusiones: Los niños con síndrome de Down desarrollan formas de pensamiento lógico, creativo, demuestran poseer una memoria y buen nivel de socialización. Se logró mejoras significativas en el 58 porciento de las inteligencias múltiples de los niños participantes en el estudio(AU)

Introduction: This study develops a methodological proposal of inclusion of three children with Down syndrome in regular initial education schools, whose process was developed according to multiple intelligences. Methods: It was a quantitative research: pre-experimental and qualitative design. The test was applied on multiple intelligences, whose results allowed to diversify the methodological strategies and the evaluation of the learning. Conclusions: Children with Down syndrome develop logical, creative thinking, demonstrate a memory and a good level of socialization. Significant improvements were achieved in 58 percent of the children's multiple intelligences(AU)